A Research Study Of Sodium - 922 Words

On the 4th of July 2015, Matt Stone won Nathan s Coney Island hot dog eating contest by eating 62 hot dogs and buns n 10 minutes. Those 34 hotdogs (not counting the buns) contained 25,358 mg of sodium. How many g of sodium did he eat? How many ng of sodium did he eat? (4) He consumed 25.358 g or 25358000000. ng of sodium.†¨ Starting with a change in the DNA in a cell, explain in detail how a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA can cause a drastic change in the final protein. Assume you are working with a quaternary stage protein. (12) A change in a nucleotide within the DNA, called a base substitution, causes mutations to occur in protein production through the alteration of a single codon. These mutations are divided up into three different subcategories. The first of which is called a missense mutation resulting in the wrong amino acid being placed into a protein molecule. This type of mutation in a quaternary stage protein such as insulin would change the way that the insulin utilizes glucose within the body and may lead to a form of diabetes. Secondly, there is the nonsense mutation in which the changed codon terminates synthesis of the protein. This mutation would result in a deficit of the protein due to it’s no longer being produced and would cause either a change or lack of functio n within a quaternary stage protein. The last mutation causes no disruption to the protein. The silent mutation of an altered codon does notShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Research and Self-Reflection on Peanut Butter962 Words   |  4 Pages Self-Reflection Summary The reason I chose this particular area of research is that peanut butter is an extremely popular food choice worldwide as it is affordable and nutritious; and I also love to eat it. 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Transformational Leader Profile Free Essays

Transformational leadership is a topic of immense interest these days.   Many individuals possess the makings of a transformational leader but do not know exactly what it means, or how to realize their own ambitions in order to change human lives.   In this sense, observing able leaders with proven leadership abilities is an excellent resource for inspiration. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leader Profile or any similar topic only for you Order Now    For example, American TV host and celebrity leader, Oprah Winfrey presents one of the most remarkable personalities in the American media.   Her path has not been easy, but thanks to her skills and leadership potential she has exerted influence on the lives of many people. What Is Transformational Leadership The concept of transformational leadership evolved in juxtaposition with that of transactional leadership.   In The Model of Transactional and Transformational Leaders (1978), a transactional leader is defined as one who, â€Å"approaches followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for another: jobs for votes, or subsidies for campaign contributions† (Burns, 1978).   From this statement we learn that the role of the transactional leader derives itself from the types of structures that an individual participates in. In contrast, a transformational leader, â€Å"recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower†¦(and) looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower† (Boje, 2000).   Transformational leaders can range from being intellectual, to heroic; even normal everyday individuals with a dream and the will to make it come true as well. In most cases, transformational leaders tend to radically change the viewpoints of the societies they live in.   A transformational leader possesses the capabilities and desire to develop a vision and inspire other people to follow it.   As a result, a profound cultural change occurs that reshapes the existence of many people impacted by their leader’s actions. Oprah Winfrey as a Transformational Leader Oprah Winfrey has become a remarkable personality in the media, acting in many various spheres.   She is not only a TV host: she also poses as, â€Å"magazine founder, educator and philanthropist† and â€Å"one of the most respected and admired public figures today† (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006).   Starting from humble beginnings, Oprah succeeded in becoming one of the best-known American celebrities of modern television. She exerts dramatic impact on the lives of people in this country and those living beyond its boundaries. At the time Oprah Winfrey started her career on TV, she was the first African American woman â€Å"to anchor the news at Nashville’s WTVF-TV† (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006).   As her online website produced by Harpo Inc. tells us, she obtained this job after she gained experience at WVOL radio in Nashville, Tennessee. After a succession of jobs, Oprah was appointed to lead her first talk show, AM Chicago, broadcast in the morning.   Surprisingly to many, with her talent, Oprah soon eclipsed the revered Phil Donahue as her show became even more popular than his. (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006)., Oprah found luck in the television world, as television viewers soon fell in love with her personality and motivating shows. Even the politics of the broadcasting networks could not deny her popularity. Since then her success has been driven by her ability to impress people with her talents. Oprah’s transformational leadership comes from her success in refashioning herself and overcoming her traumatic past. Kyra Kirkwood (2005), tells us in her, Business Hero: Oprah, article that the television star was born on Jan. 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. During her childhood Oprah suffered from physical and mental abuse when living with her mother.   The unhappy relationship between herself and her mother caused young Oprah to run away from home at the age of thirteen.   She left her mother to go on to Nashville, â€Å"to live with her ultra-strict father† (Kirkwood, 2005). Many would have remained troubled for a lifetime by an unfortunate experience of this magnitude.   However, Oprah’s inner strength allowed her to cope with it.   Moreover, as a true transformational leader, she shares her experience with others in order to help them take hold of their lives.   Her words console many women who try to cope with the social models of submissive behavior. Although derogatory and unwanted, society continues to mold women into these confusing roles.   Oprah, as stated by Kirkwood (2005), remembered in her adult life the following things about her childhood victimization: . . . one knows part of the process for me as an adult has been recognizing that my inability as an adult female to say ‘No,’ my disease to please as a female, is the same thing that caused me to be victimized as a child.   Many times, I would get myself into situations as an adult where I did not want to hurt anybody’s feelings or want anybody angry with me. (Oprah, as quoted by Kirkwood, 2005). Transformational leadership surfaces in the statement as testament that Oprah is able to recognize the root cause of her problem and rise above conventional wisdom that she has learned from her environment.   As a leader, she takes applies her wisdom and offers the knowledge from the lessons she has learned to help others. She develops a more general vision of women’s predicaments and the resulting psychology, and makes her vision known to the public. She encourages people to give voice to their emotions when they get abused, â€Å"You tell everybody until somebody listens to you† (Kirkwood, 2005).   In this way Oprah emerges as a leader who, through her success story, transforms the lives of many women. She continues showing viewers the path of success she had to travel from a gloomy and stressful beginning. Oprah Teaching Leadership One project in which Oprah directly commits to spreading knowledge of how to be a female leader is through her participation in, and founding of, the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls-South Africa.   The Academy founded in cooperation with Nelson Mandela, the South African Ministry of Education Professor Kader Asmal and Guateng MEC of Education Ignatius Jacobs, is to become the basis for women’s leadership in South Africa   (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006).   There girls can learn to make a contribution to their environment in order and take advantage of their inborn talents. With this project, Oprah makes a commitment to change the lives of girls, hoping to empower them with knowledge and skills they may otherwise have left undeveloped.   Students of the school take a stand against the male-dominated world saying that the biased social setup is to end soon and that women are â€Å"prepared to share power† (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006). Oprah’s project intends to teach students how to share power effectively.   With this effort, she demonstrates the true transformational quality that is going to affect the lives of the girls in the remote parts of the world. The goal revolves around taking them out of their habitual roles and teaching them to add a new dimension to their lives.   Although the girls may not seen Oprah that often, they will undoubtedly be inspired by meetings with her. Having her for a role model, and continuously following her example will impressively affect their lives. Influencing the Lives of People Oprah’s reach goes far beyond the lives of a group of girls in South Africa.   Hosting an influential show in a nation as large as the United States, her words are heard by millions of viewers each day.   What sets her apart from other talk show hosts and makes her a transformational leader is that people do not just listen to her words for entertainment; they often take them as a guide to action, a powerful guide that motivates many good deeds. In her show in 1997, she â€Å"encouraged viewers to use their lives to make a difference in the lives of others, which led to the creation of the public charity Oprah’s Angel Network in 1998† (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006).   So far the organization has been responsible for the collection of over $50 million that was utilized for the construction of shelters and homes. These structures now house women and youth all around the world.   Activities such as this have helped change the lives of many people who have been blessed with the charity funds. Perhaps even more important was Oprah’s influence on those who moved forward to help the cause when she appealed to the public.   People who otherwise did not give thought to charity as a way to help others now became active donors of the network, helping others reach their goals and improve quality of life.   This action represents a very good use of the TV show as a way to change people’s mentality for the better. Consequently, new horizons opened to them for moral development instead of just another television program entertaining them with stories. In fact, this is the main strength of Oprah’s show.   She likes to present her viewers with a story that is not merely entertaining but also has a deep moral message or presents a challenge.   The ensuing debate can become a trigger to many, spurring them to re-evaluate their opinions and reconsider views. In doing so, Oprah does not act as a boring moralizer; she presents herself as the same down-to-earth, sympathetic woman she was in her first days on TV.   Awards and financial success have not made her lose her head or become arrogant.   In fact, her spiritual closeness and understanding of the people she addresses in her show makes her message both powerful and penetrating.   Analyzing her leadership ability, one can say that she possesses superior communication skills that make her ideas appealing to a wide variety of people. Oprah takes every opportunity to reach the hearts and minds of people.   Thanks to her appeal to the audience, her productions in almost every environment soon become popular.   For example, her publication called Oprah’s Magazine currently is one of the most popular women’s publications with an audience of 2.4 million readers a month (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006). When she launched Oprah.com website on women’s lifestyle, it also gained popularity. It now reports to average 64 million page views and more than three million users per month, plus receives approximately 12,000-15,000 emails each week.   She is also the creator of Dr. Phil syndicated show with Harpo Productions, Inc., co-founder of Oxygen Media cable television network, founder of Oprah and Friends radio channel on XM Satellite Radio, and producer of the musical Color Purple that was launched in 2005 in Broadway Theater in New York City (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006). This broad variety of activities demonstrates Oprah’s multi-faceted talents and interest in affecting people’s lives in many different ways using various means available. Oprah’s Influence on My Personal Leadership Style I believe that Oprah’s impact was instrumental in helping me shape my personal leadership style.   Her ability to be appealing without appearing pompous and pretentious is something I try to imitate when developing my personal communication skills.   I think well developed presentation and communication skills are the key to successful leadership, and Oprah Winfrey is an excellent model of both.   Maintaining an unassuming and emotional style, she can address her audience on serious issues, and I think it would be excellent to learn this skill as well. My life was also affected by observing Oprah taking responsibility for other people’s destinies, as in the case of the academy she founded for South African girls.   I agree with her idea that when one sees thing’s being far from perfect, one should learn to say â€Å"No† and take some positive action to remedy it.   In this sense, I am trying to follow Oprah’s socially active position on things. At the same time, I also find her leadership attractive because she perceives people with her heart just as much as with her mind.   In my view, this is the most effective path to transformational leadership. It includes giving people emotional support and warmth and trying to help them become more secure emotionally.   Oprah’s kindness and caring attitude are among her strongest qualities as a leader, and these I would like to emulate. Oprah Winfrey is the kind of person who realized her potential in the face of adverse circumstances.   Her talent put her in public spotlight, making her a leader with power to transform the lives of millions.   She used her clout with the public very wisely and responsibly, inspiring many to reconsider their lives and empowering them to do good to other people.   This, in my opinion, makes her a truly transformational leader whose achievements are to be admired. References Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York: Free  Press. Boje, D. (2000).   Transformational Leadership.   Retrieved on June 6, 2006, from Harpo Productions, Inc., (2006).   Oprah Winfrey’s Biography. Retrieved on June 6, 2006 from http://www.oprah.com/about/press/about_press_bio.jhtml Kirkwood, K. (2005) Business Hero: Oprah. The My Hero Project. Retrieved on June 6, 2006 from http://myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=oprahhero ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; How to cite Transformational Leader Profile, Essay examples

Operation and supply management

Question: Describe about theOperation and supply management?. Answer: Introduction This paper describes the various aspects of the Target Corporation. The objective is to evaluate the depth analysis of the Target Corporation. It enables to determine the operations, strategy for outsourced its manufacturing product and positioning the Target Corporation. This paper successfully spelled out the product or service layout, capacity planning, outsourced manufacturing operation and positioning strategy. Indeed, the Target Corporation is retail organization in the United States. It established by the George Dayton and its headquarter located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The company operates throughout the United States by their retail format includes the hypermarket Super Target, flexible format and discount store and TargetExpress before consolidated under the Target branding. (Stephenkahle, 2012). Operations: Operation management is related to the designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods and services. Beauty, food, furniture, an electronic, bedding, clothing, health products, housewares, gardening supplier, jewelry, shoes, sports equipment and pet supplier are the significant product of the Target Corporation. It has several private label brands including Circo, Pantry, Embark, Market Merona, and Trutech. It is the significant part of the organization that helps to achieve the Target objective or goals. Product features and price attract the new customer that would raise the sales of it. Product design should be an appropriate as per consumer demand and needs. Target will develop creative concepts, big ideas and technical designs that help to achieve Target product strategy as well as quality and financial goals. Target is seeking for creative, passionate and committed individuals who create innovation t o join the Target product design and controlling teams. Target should create profitable and exclusive product to create in the market that would be beneficial for the organization growth and development. The Target started the designer partnership to bring well known designer strategy in retail stores. Target did the partnership with designer Michael Graves that would helpful for the organization growth and development. (Pratt, Kulsrud, 2013). Strategy for outsourced its manufacturing products: Outsource means the contracting out of the business process to another party. Target started expanding its business nationwide in the 1980s and launch new store format under the Target brand in the 1990s. It operates in the United States through its retail formats involves the hypermarket SuperTarget, flexible format, discount store and TargetExpress before being consolidated under the Target branding. These are the three format strategy for outsource its manufacturing operation that is described below: Target: It started its first discount store in the Roseville, Minnesota in 1962. Target Corporation concentrates on customizing each new store to ensure a local relevant experience. Its launched the PFresh store in 2009 that expanded its grocery business in the United States. It sells general merchandise involving softlines and hardline. Several locations include Target Pharmacy, Target Photo and Target Optical departments. The organization tool decision to close its garden centers for PFresh expansion and larger seasonal departments in 2010. (Bryer, Lebson, Asbell, 2011). Super Target: The Super Target hypermarket started in Omaha, Nebraska in 1995 that expanded Target Greatland concept with involvement of a full grocery department. Its competitors such as the Walmart Supercenter hypermarket operates a grocery sell merchandise that help to produce more quality product in the market. Target Greatland started in Apple Valley, Minnesota in 1990. It was around fifty percent larger than the traditional target store that attract new youth customer and it will raise the sale of the Target Corporation. So, the Target Corporation adopted this strategy to outsourced its manufacturing operations. It is the significant strategy that helpful when Target outsourced the manufacturing operations. Without adoption of the Super Target it would be hard to survive in the current competitive market. (Giannoccaro, 2013). Flexible Fomat Target: The flexible format the City Target stores are around 80,000 square feet. The first stores started in 2012. The TargetExpress store opened in Dinkytown in 2014 that expanded in the 14000 square feet. This format target strategy is helpful for the Target Corporation outsourced operation because it raises the sales of it that would be beneficial for the organization growth and development in the long-term perspective. (Bryer, Lebson, Asbell, 2011). Positioning: Positioning is the consumer retail market as clean that offer high quality product or service in the low price. Target customer believes that they come to Target retail store to get the money worth as well as enjoying their shopping experience. Positioning of the Target Corporation is created through product, price, place and promotion that is described below: Products: Target provides a variety of the products to their customers such as womens, baby equipment, furniture, toys, bath bedding suppliers, clothing, food, luggage, gifts, pet suppliers, jewelry accessories, automotive accessories and office supplier. It offers various services such as target photo, optical, health clinics, food avenue restaurants, portrait studios, club wedd registry and pharmacy. It has several private label brands including the Circo, Embark, Market Pantry, Archer Farms, Merona, and Trutech. The product helps to explain the utility of the positioning in the market. It is the significant part of the organization that helps to achieve the Target objective or goals. (Anderson, Vincze, 2016). Price: Price plays the significant role to determine the positioning in the Target Corporation. Target offers discount price products or service with quality. They know the competition level of the market that can price their product or service accordingly. A customer wants to buy more product or service and pay the least amount for it. They are famous for their designer items such as beauty product, clothes and categorized functional goods. It also sells great number of gift cards as compared to its competitor business. Price determine the positioning of the Target that would be beneficial for the growth and development. (Stephenkahle, 2012). Place: Place plays the significant role in the positioning strategy that how Target is able to distribute its products to the customers. Target has around 26 regional distribution centers that helps to raise the sales of it. It has one distribution center that is known as Target.com Distribution Center. Target product or services are sold to consumers by target store. Target products are shipped via Fex EX or the USPS and UPS. It offers one day, two days and standard shipping options to their customers that would attract more consumer because people dont have a proper time to buy a product from retail counter. So, this distribution strategy would be beneficial for the organization growth and development. They sold their product in United States with different format that raise the sale of it that affected the positioning the market. (Bryer, Lebson, Asbell, 2011). Promotion: Promotion evaluates the positioning condition of the Target, It raises the broaden market coverage, enhance consumer support and increase product sales. Previous year Target spends around $1170 million in promotion strategy. Its weekly promotion purpose advertisement also posted on the Internet for viewing. They should expand their mailing promotion to get more customers that would raise the sales of it. The partnership with Amazon and AOL is good opportunity in expanding the promotion of the Target. Advertising, person selling, and public relations are the significant way to promote the Target product or services. (Anderson, Vincze, 2016). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that clear the operations, outsourced the manufacturing products and positioning strategy as well as high ability to adopt the new approach in the Target Corporation helps to maintain its competitive position in the worldwide market. Target becomes one of the fast growing company in nationwide due to its unique operations, outsourcing and positioning strategy in the market. References Anderson, Vincze, (2016). Strategic Marketing (2Nd Ed.). USA: Dreamtech Press. Bryer, L., G., Lebson, S., J., Asbell, M., D., (2011). Intellectual Property Operations and Implementation in the 21st Century Corporation. USA: John Wiley Sons. Cartano, D., J., (2009). Federal and State Taxation of Limited Liability Companies (2009). USA: CCH. Giannoccaro, I., (2013). Behavioral Issues in Operations Management: New Trends in Design, Management, and Methodologies. USA: Springer Science Business Media. McKinley, M., (2012). Marketing Alignment: Breakthrough Strategies for Growth and Profitability. USA: Wheatmark, Inc., Pratt, J., Kulsrud, W., (2013). Corporate, Partnership, Estate and Gift Taxation 2013. USA: Cengage Learning. Stephenkahle, (2012). Target Corporation Strategic Marketing Plan. Retrieved from: https://zenportfolios.ca/stephenkahle/project_showcase/target-corporation-strategic-marketing-plan/ Stickney, C., P., Weil, R., L., Schipper, K., Francis, J., (2009). Financial Accounting: An Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses. USA: Cengage Learning. Valentin, E., K., (2014). Business Planning and Market Strategy. USA: SAGE Publications Inc.

Media Production Log Essay Example

Media Production Log Essay In this area I will research and looking for certain information about the magazine covers which am I choosing to work in the main task in media studies. By the end of the lesson in media studies, I will deciding the brief about what task I doing in media, so I choose to do PRINT task because its easy to do and also my brother doing this brief task so maybe my brother also influence me to do this task. When I research in internet search engine (www. google. com) I research about the magazine front cover, then I found a website which is all about explaining the semiotics (means study of sign and symbols) in teenage magazine. In this information a found in Google maybe I will read this information because this will be helpful to me to do my task about the magazine In the task is music magazine cover because I have some knowledge on how to make a music magazine, because when I was doing a media studies in last year (2007) I choose also magazine cover. So in this brief task I doing is I have idea and techniques to do this task and also music is one of my favourite hobbies. 03/06/09 Research and find information and pictures in making a music magazine cover. Computer (Internet) Magazine. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Production Log specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Media Production Log specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Media Production Log specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Library (Library is really good source of information to find good research about this task made in media. I found lots of information on the magazine covers, which is in internet. The magazine and the library means also my resources to help me to create my own magazine cover. In these sources I found some ideas on creating my own music magazine cover. This kind of source which is the best guidelines to search for making magazine cover because I see beautiful pictures, and found some techniques on how to build my own magazine cover, and other information related in magazine. Maybe I will barrow a camera from the head teacher Mr. Baptiste to take a picture to my task in magazine cover so that I will provide a good practical work in my work. I will use my old work in magazine cover in last year so I will use as a guidelines to make better marks. In this day I forget to borrowing camera to Mr. Baptiste which is to taking pictures. But the good thing is we have a camera at home so that I have a chance to take my own pictures of making a music magazine 03/07/09 03/08/09 (Week end) In this 2 days day off of school, I will used my time to find a good suitable pictures for my magazine cover, and more information of magazine task The sources I needed is Camera which is taking pictures, Internet which I search some suitable information and guidelines In these two days off in school, I will must find my pictures on my own music magazine cover, and other pictures which are include for making my own music magazine cover. This two days day off in school, the obstruction to not doing my coursework in media is working, which I cannot do my work. And the last thing are playing in computer games and going hangout with my friends. 03/11/09 I will buy a original music magazine in store which is also needed in this course Money Bus pass This day is I go in town centre to buy an original magazine to photo copy the pages of magazine and I analysing the different information using media terminology. I will find other nearly store in my place which is no wasting time and also money. 03/17/09 Working on Production Report of my new music magazine cover Computer Microsoft word 2003 Internet In this day I will work on production report which is the main task of making new music magazine cover. In production report I will work on my brief, planning of production within the magazine cover, my main target audience, constructing the production and evaluation. Maybe I will find different types of sources to improve my coursework in this subject. 03/17/09 Reviewing and checking my own questionnaires about music magazine cover. Computer Microsoft word 2003 In these 2 lessons in media studies, I will change all corrections of my questionnaires within my music magazine cover. Because Mr. Baptiste checking my questionnaires to make sure that the questionnaires about the music magazine is correct. This is important because to make sure that my work is correct and to make high grades/marks of this subject. In this days, I hope that Mr.Baptiste quickly done on photo copying of my questionnaires. So means that I will work on my next level of this work, like giving questionnaires to the people and making questionnaires results. 03/10/09 Explaining and analysing my music magazine which Mr. Baptiste already photocopy the important pages within my magazine. Microsoft word In this day I will explaining my music magazine which I explain the front cover, article pages and the back pages of the magazine, so I explaining the media terminologies which are the denotation / connotation, the semiotics, message values and the masthead on the magazine. I have only 3 lessons on this day so I have a time to do this work. In this free period of my time, I going out in school to find other places that have music magazine and also research some information related in music magazine. 03/23/09 Giving music magazine questionnaires in the public My questionnaires Camera (which taking pictures those people I give questionnaires. I will give my own questionnaires which all about music magazine in the public. Then I will bring camera to take pictures those people that I give questionnaires which means I have evidence that I giving this questionnaires outside in the school. This is important in part of my foundation coursework in media to ensure that I will get good marks in media studies. Because I shown that I will work with my own practical work in ideas on doing this work. I will call Kevin to help me to take pictures those people I giving questionnaires and maybe I will come other places that more walking people, this would help me to answer all questionnaires that I make in music magazine.

Implementation of Business Ethics in the Company essayEssay Writing Service

Implementation of Business Ethics in the Company essayEssay Writing Service Implementation of Business Ethics in the Company essay Implementation of Business Ethics in the Company essayBesides the code of ethics and ethical training, an organization should also implement ethical infrastructure aimed at resolving ethical issues, establishing ethical standards, formulating and sharing corporate values. An important part of this infrastructure is constituted by ethics committees the function of which is supervision of ethical conduct.It is essential to distinguish between company ethics departments and ethics committees (Parraga, 2013): ethics committee is aimed to respond to emerging ethical issues in the company and should be to a reasonable extent independent from major corporate structures. The purpose of this paper is to choose an organization, to investigate whether it uses ethical committees, to examine the format used for committees if there are any and to draft a plan for establishing ethical committees if there are none.The considered company is Walmart Stores Inc. This is a multinational retailer which o perates globally and is the largest worlds employer (Walmart, 2014). Walmart created a Global Ethics Office which is responsible for ethics reporting, ethical education and guiding employees in ethical decision-making. Part of the structure of Walmart ethics office are Compliance and Ethics Committees created for each of international retail markets (Walmart, 2014). The structure of these committees is similar to the structure of Global Compliance and Ethics Committee: both types of committees consist of senior executives and are chaired by the companys compliance and ethics executives (Walmart, 2014). Committee members discuss ethical issues, review progress, plan improvements, assign responsibility and establish accountability (Walmart, 2014).The functions and presence of ethical committees at Walmart are consistent with the requirements of Parraga (2013) to corporate ethics infrastructure, but the position of ethics committees in the companys structure is different. It is not cle ar whether the members of Walmarts ethics committee are elected or appointed, but corporate responsibility report does not mention any election procedure. Furthermore, committees are strongly integrated into the companys structure and therefore lack objectivity and independence. Hence, Walmart should introduce a more independent system of ethics committees where members would be of different origin and would be elected for a particular term. In this case, Walmart will be able to improve its ethical objectivity and quality of ethical decision-making.

Blood Transfusion

The purpose of this module is to teach the clinical RN the basics of blood, how to administer a blood/blood component transfusion safely, and the hazards of transfusion related to blood administration. This module is indicated for teaching purposes based on the fact that the NHS requires at least quarterly review of blood usage, oversight of blood transfusion practices, documentation of blood transfusion errors, and evidence of corrective actions taken. Results of one study found that individuals lack of knowledge and training, along with inadequate policies and procedures, were the key elements in more than 350 blood transfusion-associated deaths (Bower amp; Craig, 1997) What is a Blood Transfusion? A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an intravenous (IV) line in one of your blood vessels. Blood is transfused either as whole blood (with all its parts) or, more often, as individual parts. The individual parts include red blood cells, platelets, clotting factors, and plasma. Each year, almost 5 million Americans amp; British need a blood transfusion. While most blood transfusions go well, mild complications can occur and serious problems may develop. The Individual Parts Defined Red Blood Cells -the most numerous blood cell, about 5,000,000 per microliter. Red blood cells make up about 40% of our total blood volume, a measure called the hematocrit. Their color is caused by hemoglobin, which accounts for nearly all of the red cell volume. Hemoglobin is the critical protein that transports oxygen from our lungs to the tissues. Red blood cells are normally shaped as round, biconcave discs. Red Blood Cells Image obtained from http://embryology. med. unsw. edu. au/Notes/heart20. htm) Platelets -the smallest of the three major types of blood cells, are only about 20% of the diameter of red blood cells and the normal platelet count is ~150,000-350,000 per microliter of blood. The principal function of platelets is to prevent bleeding. Platelets (Image obtained from http://ouhsc. edu/platelets/Platelets/platelets%20intro. html) Clotting Factors -proteins in the blood that control bleeding. Plasma -a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 92% water and 8% other substances, such as proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste products. It is a colloidal solution which is a liquid containing suspended substances that do not settle out of solution. Most of the suspended substances are plasma proteins, which include albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. Plasma volume remains relatively constant. Normally, water intake through the digestive tract closely matches water loss through the kidneys, lungs, digestive tract, and skin. Plasma (which is in the yellow) Image obtained from : http://www. mhhe. com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/tr/m1/s2/ Brief History of Blood Transfusions 665 The first Blood transfusions of record take place. Animal experiments conducted by Richard Lower, an Oxford physician started as dog-to-dog experiments and proceeded to animal-to-human over the next two years. Dogs were kept alive by the transfusion of Blood from other dogs. 1795 In Philadelphia an American physician, Philip Syng Physick, performed the first known human Blood transfusion, although it was not published. 1818 James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performed the first successful transfusion of human Blood to a patient for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB. * Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma). Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB. * Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma). Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but can donate blood only to another type AB individual. * Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma). Therefore, a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i. e. A, B, O or AB). If anyone needs a blood transfusion in an extremely dire emergency, and if the time taken to process the recipients blood would cause a detrimental delay, O Negative blood can be issued. Blood Administration * Obtain Signed Consent for the administration of blood products * Check the Drs Order * Determine Clients Allergies and previous transfusion reactions (this can be assessed by simply asking the client if they have had a transfusion before and how they tolerated it) * Obtain baseline vitals and then per hospital/institution policy * Utilize #18 gauge needle * Check Crossmatch Record With 2 Nurses: * ABO- Group * RH Type * Clients Name, Date of Birth and Medical Number * Expiration Date * Administer Immediately- do not store the blood or leave it. If for any reason the blood/blood components are not to be hung, blood may be sent back to Blood Bank (check hospital policy and procedure as most institutions require that blood/blood products must be administered within 30 minutes upon receipt) * Do not warm the blood unless there is a risk of hypothermic response- Then Only by specific blood warming equipment * Never add any medications to blood products * Infuse each unit over 3-4 hours but no longer than 4 hours   Transfusion Reactions Occurs in the first 10-15 minutes or first 50 cc of Blood Reactions can be ALLERGIC, FEBRILE, or HEMOLYTIC (Utilize the Acronym AFH for memorization purposes)   ALLERGIC Signs and Symptoms include the following: * Facial flushing * Hives * Rash FEBRILE Signs and Symptoms include the following: * Fever * Chills * Anxiety * Headache * Tachycardia * Tachypnea HEMOLYTIC Signs and Symptoms include the following: * v Blood Pressure * Tachypnea * Fever * Chills * Apprehension * Headache * Tachycardia * Chest Pain or Lower Back Pain Recent Facts amp; Statistics Regarding Transfusions * Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur in 1 per 40,000 transfused units of packed RBCs. Nonhemolytic febrile reactions and minor allergic reactions are the most common transfusion reactions, each occurring in 3-4% of all transfusions. Nonhemolytic febrile reactions and extravascular hemolysis are observed more commonly in patients who have developed antibodies from prior transfusions. * Anaphylactic reactions occur in 1 per 20,000 transfused units. * Due to improved preventative measures, the incidence of GVH disease is less than 0. 15% * Transfusion-related acute lung injury complicates 0. 1-0. 2% of all transfusions. Risk of transfusion-related hepatitis B is 1 per 50,000 units transfused. Risk for hepatitis C is 1 per 3000-4000 units transfused. * Risk of transfusion-related HIV infection is 1 per 150,000 units transfused. (Kardon, 2009) What do you do if you suspect a Transfusion Reaction? STOP the transfusion immediately * Maintain the line with Normal Saline VERIFY patient identification * Hospital armband, Typenex band, and blood bag must be identical NOTIFY the patients physician STAT * Treat the signs per Drs order and Monitor Vitals * If requested by the physician, initiate transfusion reaction work up NOTIFY Blood Bank STAT Check the Policies/Procedures of the facility at which you are employed * You may have to bag the blood component, IV tubing, filters and all labels in a biohazard bag and it may have to be submitted/returned back to the laboratory as further testing of the components may be clinically warranted (It is a standard policy at Maricopa Medical Center that those components are submitted back to the lab as routine Microbiology cultures are performed to ensure the sterility of the blood) * Additional forms may be required to complete (i. . Transfusion Reaction Forms) * Further samples may be collected from the patient (i. e. Urine, blood samples, etc.

What is the heart of Catholicism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

What is the heart of Catholicism - Essay Example For salvation and redemption, people need to gather around the bishop since he is the true descendant of God and, therefore, of Jesus. In Catholicism, this institutional approach to belief and the importance of communion with the Holy See through a religious medium like church or other religious authority are essentially inspired by Biblical evidences and history. One of Jesus’ speeches supports Catholicism’s claim about the importance of a believer’s communion with the religious authority is as following: â€Å"I say to you, something greater than the temple is here† (Barron 24). Indeed in Catholicism, the ideas of ‘temple’ and ‘bishop’ are the representatives of each other. In this regard, Barron says, â€Å"If Jesus is, in his person, the true temple, then he should be the definitive source of teaching, healing and, forgiveness and this is just what the Gospel tells us† (Barron 24). Indeed this very basis of Christ’s persona as the sole source salvation and redemption lies at the heart of Catholicism. Indeed, proper religious authority plays an important role in shaping the rites and rituals of Catholicism. The propriety of religious authority is often determined by sacramental evidences. While the Catholics unanimously believe in the ministration of Christ as the temple of teaching, salvation and redemption, the bishop is believed to be the true spiritual descendant of Christ himself. Therefore a bishop plays a very important role in catholic rites and rituals. For an instance, Catholic dogma asserts that the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper must be administered by certain qualified persons. According to the Roman Catholic Church, â€Å"only a Catholic Priest ordained into the apostolic succession can administered the Eucharist† (Erickson 1122). Erickson further says in this regard, â€Å"If any other person should take the same physical elements and pronounce the same words over them, they would remain bread and

Distributive justice, position of John Rawls,Robert Nozick, Milton Essay

Distributive justice, position of John Rawls,Robert Nozick, Milton Friedman, James Donaldson(comparing the relationship of state - Essay Example According to Rawls, distributive justice serves to ensure that all is done in a manner that guarantees equality for all; nothing should be done to damage or hurt another person. The principles of the model include that every demographic group should be offered access to the same goods and treatment as all others, where for instance, the poor receive the same healthcare services as the wealthy. Further, the advocates of this model hold that there is a need to change the outlook of our institutions, so as to ensure that they help in improving the lives of the disadvantaged within the community (Lamont, 43). On the other hand, Nozick views that distributive justice would be fair, in the case that it defined three main areas, including the ways that properties not owned by anyone can be acquired; the transfer of goods from one person to the other, and the course of rectifying past injustices – which arose from the violations of acquisition and transfer of goods (Wolff 57). Nozick views that the transfer, acquisition and the rectification of ownership should not necessarily be patterned to anything else. For example, he states that a gift or things acquired by chance can be duly owned and warranted. The distribution of property is fair, as long as it is done according to the rules of acquisition, rectification and transfer. The arguments used by Rawls in supporting his distributive justice include that all goods and liberties should be distributed equally among all people and the opportunities for positions or offices should be advanced in equitable manner (Wolff 57). Thirdly, the more advantaged within the society should contribute towards the betterment of the lives of the disadvantaged. The flaws in Rawls arguments include that he does not regard the entitlement of more goods or opportunities, which may be warranted due to individual traits. Secondly, the arguments do not accommodate for the acquisition of properties that are not claimed by any person, as well as the differences in the views of different people about equitability. Nozick argues that distribution patterns cannot be patterned and can never be representative of all cases requiring the exercise of justice among different individual, which calls for human rationality and differentiated preferences (Wolff 81). Other arguments by Nozik include that the distribution of good within the society arises from the aggregation of decisions about the talents to nurture, the location to live in and what to buy. Unlike in the cases where the model of acquisition or transfer is unjust, according to a theory of justice, the entitlement of property may not be questionable. Some of the ways of acquisition that may be unjust include fraud or stealing. The flaws of Nozick’s model include that the possibility of an unjust central distributor is not ruled out, the injustices of dispersed people are not explored, and the questions about the rights channels of distribution are not explor ed in details. Further, he refutes the paternalistic nature of the justice system, which can be evidenced through the structures of contracts, rights and the taxation structure. 2. The position that best characterizes Friedman’s position is this: B-â€Å"Business and/or corporate decision makers have moral obligations to society in general†. This is the theme behind his arguments; because his libertarian explanation of distributive justice is in favor of an operational free-market where there are

Survey - Payroll Essay Example for Free

Survey Payroll Essay A1. The most important I learned in this payroll accounting course is that there can be different methods of calculating income taxes and other taxes, but the underlying idea is to lawfully tax the earner, according to their wage-level and family structure. The different taxing figures for weekly, biweekly, monthly, semi-annually and annually salaries gives a clear picture of the differences that have been implemented by the federal board in taxing these different types of workers. Setting a standard across the board for taxing would have led to injustices to at least a group of workers. Instead, the federal board has carefully revised the different types of workers and set up taxing brackets and percentages according to their need and ability. Also, I learned the fact that the way in which taxes are calculated is very personalized (according to your earning, marital status, allowances). It is the employers’ duty to match the FICA taxes paid by the employee and contribute an equal amount to the state. There is another thing I would like to add. Payroll Accounting is a very delicate job and one has to be very clever to handle it. Although formulae and calculations are what have ton be just implemented, the person handling these figures and data should have avid knowledge and in-depth detail of their subject before attempting to do the calculations and manipulations. A2. The forms were very easy to use, given the fact that they addressed exactly what was required, nothing more or less. They were self-explanatory and there was no ambiguity at any column or cell. The website was very user-friendly. It had the clear explanation and information that enabled the user to navigate to exactly what they wanted. There were clear details on what was available and what it was used for so that the user did not have to waste time searching for what they wanted.

Theology 1 summary :: essays research papers fc

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following pages are my best attempt at writing my very first major project. I pray that it will contain the truth of what God had me learn at the Churches of God retreat center in January of this year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although my notes seem extensive, it’s virtually impossible to literate all that was taught and shared during this class. However, Dr. Statts, I have confidence that these pages may express at least a hint of your spellbinding teachings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon returning to my home church in Dover, Pennsylvania, I asked my senior pastor and my mentor, the worship pastor, for any input and / or materials they may have to help me with this final project. I was confused and surprised by the comments that they had gotten rid of their Theology materials years ago. This lends me to consider why that is. I hadn’t ever measured the subject of Theology as somewhat controversial and that has led me to immerse myself even deeper into the well of knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I look forward to next year at our next meeting and teachings of the Theology 2 class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God bless you and your wife. Theology 1 Outline 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definition of Theology a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Greek 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Various forms of Theology a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systematic b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historical c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biblical d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contemporary e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethical 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theology Proper a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who is God? b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who are we to study God’s Word i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spiritual people ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Natural people iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carnal people c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attributes of God i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communicable ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Incommunicable iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  eternality iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Omni – 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Omniscience 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Omnipresent 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Omnipotence v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sovereignty vi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holiness 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other â€Å"ologies† a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bibliology b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Angelology i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cherubim ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gabriel iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michael iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elect Angels v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-elect Angels c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Demonology d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Satanology e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anthropology f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christology g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trinityology i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evidence of the â€Å"Father† ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evidence of the â€Å"Son† iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evidence of the â€Å"Holy Spirit† h.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pneumetology i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecclesiology j.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eschatology 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Revelations a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cosmological ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theological iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anthropological iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ontological b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Special i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Word of God (Law) 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inspiration a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Incarnation of Christ b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God Breathed c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Purpose of Scripture d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prophetic Word e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Old Testament point of view f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New Testament point of view 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creation a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Original sin b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inherited sin c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Actual sin 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Types of Millennialism a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pre-Millennialism b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Post-Millennialism c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A-Millennialism 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Calvinism a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 point – TULIP b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 point – TUIP 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arminism 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aryanism 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apostistic a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Modify and Submit b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Five warning sections What is Theology?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term theology comes from two Greek words: theos, â€Å"God,† and logos, â€Å"Word,† and then compounded means, the study of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theology can be used to cover the study of part of Scripture or of the whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depending on the point of approach of the one studying theology, it can appear to have a very broad definition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let’s look at the different forms of theology discussed in class: Systematic Theology –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a methodical study of God and who He is, the proofs of His existence, and His relationship to the world and man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systematic Theology gathers materials from the Bible, the facts of science, psychology, history, and philosophy. It examines, evaluates, and organizes all in the light of the Bible. It utilizes di-chronic and synchronic methods to organize the works of God. Historical Theology –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In seeking out resources for a clear definition of this term, I’m finding that it’s one of the more difficult terms to define.

Position Paper Essay

I had chosen the topic for the response paper about the choice of Sarah Palin as the running mate for John McCain. In this position paper, I try to develop my position around the same topic and I would develop the paper around the choice and how it is affecting the presidential campaign. I use the response paper for the topic but only to that extent that I use it as a base. My main thrust in this paper would be on putting the nomination of Sarah Palin in perspective. Choice of Sarah Palin There was universal surprise when Sarah Palin was picked as the vice presidential nominee. When everyone was expecting Joe Lieberman or someone else to be picked as the vice presidential nominee, the McCain camp pulled a rabbit from the hat in the form of Sarah Palin. This left many observers stumped and people were left wondering about the real reasons. There was intense speculation that this was part of a move to counter the Democratic campaign and the appeal of Hillary Clinton. With Hillary no longer in the reckoning, the perception was that Sarah Palin could draw away some of Hillary’s supporters into the Republican fold. Others saw it as a kind of maverick stunt that could upstage the rock star appeal of Barack Obama. What no one could have anticipated is the electrifying effect that Sarah Palin had on the electorate immediately following her nomination. The entire campaign was energized by the â€Å"Palin Effect† and suddenly the Republicans were back in the reckoning. Her go-getter image along with her stylish attire has caught the imagination of the public. However, there is a sneaking suspicion that she is all glamour and not substance. She has the charm of a â€Å"Kennedy, Clinton or a Reagan† (Mayer, 2). She also can draw crowds and hold their attention. It was this very ability that made the McCain camp plump for her to get the star appeal to the voters. Media Management Sarah Palin looks good on TV and she is the favorite of the right wing media. Though her appearances in the public rallies have been highlighted, what is also glaring is the fact that she has not given too many interviews and has not appeared on the popular talk shows like Larry King Live. And whatever chances she had with other networks, she turned in a less than favorable performance. In recent days, much has been made of her $150,000 attire and the way in which she has been â€Å"made up† with lot of effort. However much this has been played up for the benefit of the voters, there are some who see this as mere gloss and unlikely to have an effect on the larger electorate. The Insider’s Choice? While there have been several articles in the media about how Sarah Palin has been a wild card, Jane Mayer of The New Yorker thinks otherwise. As I pointed out in my response paper about the article that she had written, where she had laid out the case for Sarah Palin being backed by influential members of the Republican Party, there is no conclusive point about Sarah Palin being an outsider. But there are enough indications to indicate that she has been favored by the Republican insiders who wanted someone to counter the charismatic appeal of Obama. While the point of this position paper is not to contest the claim of Sarah Palin being selected or not by a power group, nonetheless it throws light on the happenings of the Republican Party as they went into election mode. It is indeed a powerful choice as reflected in the approval ratings after her nomination. Her â€Å"Star Power† is sure bound to get the ticket some badly needed swing votes in the upcoming election. As we see in the next section, Sarah Palin has become what some commentators have been calling the â€Å"Attack Dog† of the Republican camp. Attack Dog In recent weeks, Sarah Palin has taken the attack to the Democratic camp. First, by portraying Obama as someone who is â€Å"palling around with terrorists† an apparent reference to his earlier friendships with Bill Ayers, a sixties left wing radical and then by proclaiming that Obama wants to turn America into a â€Å"socialist paradise†. These have left the Democrats seething with anger and the hard core among the Republican camp egging her on. Of course, this has led to resentment among moderate Republicans and as the title of this article says Palin is diving more than uniting the faithful. Pro-life and family matters Sarah Palin’s pro-life stance has drawn attention towards her own family and her daughter in particular who is single and pregnant. This has provided ammunition for the Democrats though there was enough damage control exercise done. This raised the question of how much of vetting the McCain camp did before zeroing on her. And this left many wondering whether the McCain camp had done their homework particularly after she was found to have used her position as Governor of Alaska to influence some decisions in her family’s favor. Economic Policies Even on the subject of the tax breaks or the other proposals to shore up the economy, Sarah Palin comes across as a shrill voice adding to the clamor on Capitol Hill. There is no fresh approach to the vexed question of how far and how much should the government intervene in bailing out Wall Street. My way politics Most pertinently, Sarah Palin is practicing what can be called the â€Å"My Way† politics. In the words of one critic, Celtic Diva (17), â€Å"Palin is transforming her base into a lynch mob†. What she is effectively saying is that her way is the only way and her supporters are the true supporters and the like. Though this may appeal to the radical right, there are nonetheless large swathes of Republican voters who would not be comfortable with this kind of rhetoric. And it is leaving an overall sense of polarization in the country. This makes for hardly good news for a country that is deeply divided in the aftermath of the presidential elections of 2000 and 2004. Liability for McCain? While the first sections of this paper examined how Palin became a star in the initial stages of the campaign, it is now apparent that unless she comes up with some new ideas, she would become a liability instead of the trump card that the McCain camp was hoping for. Conclusion As I mentioned in the title of the article, Sarah Palin has increasingly come to divide the electorate rather than unite them. As Basu states, â€Å"Palin should aim to Unify rather than polarize†. Her strident approach towards Obama’s proposed policies and the trenchant criticism that she reserves for her opponents are just indications of a personality that thrives on divisive politics. While this would have been tolerable in times gone by, what this country needs now, with all the economic crises and a war that has no end in sight, is a healing figure that can re-energize the country and make Americans look forward to their place in the world. As we head into the last days of the campaign, we can expect more of the rhetoric from Palin and an increasingly strident stance. It remains to be seen how the electorate would respond to this ticket as well as the Democratic ticket on Nov 4, 2008.

Causes of World War vocab

The Tsarina, Alexandra, thought he was a miracle and welcomed him to the royal family. That's when he started Glenn bad advice to Tsar Nicolas. 3. Militarism Militarism is the belief that a country should have a strong military and to be prepared to use it whenever the country needs protection. Militarism is significant because this is part of the main causes of WWW. All the powers wanted to have a good military to be prepared for war. Because of being prepared all the time, WWW was quick to happen; because of just one event. 4. NationalismNationalism is the belief that your own county is the best and deserves all the power. Nationalism is significant because it's part of the base reasons why WWW happened. When Germany became a nation in 1871, it disturbed the balance of power in Europe. The other European countries thought that Germany would be a threat to their power. So all the powers thought they were the best and that caused conflicts, which caused WWW. 5. Imperialism Triple Ent ente Imperialism is a policy in which a strong nation looks to dominate other countries politically, economically or socially.This is an alliance consisting of Britain, France and Russia in 1907. This is significant because it was one of the earliest causes of WWW. The scramble for Africa to imperialism it caused many conflicts and tensions within the powers. The European powers were competing a lot between each other for African territory. Those rivalries played a big role later in the causing of WWW. This alliance was important because these were one of the biggest powers. All 3 had something in common: they didn't like Germany & Austria. That brought them to make an alliance ND had a common goal of getting rid of Germany and Australia's power.Soon that became more definite and was on the way to having WWW. 7. Triple Alliance This is an alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1907. This alliance if significant because Germany and Austria were very close and ha d common ideas. Russia used to be with them (Emperors League) but since they got out because of the Congress of Berlin, Italy took its place. Their ideals were that they had to support previous alliances and provide a defense system against the other European powers. Because of these rivalries, it soon caused WWW. Blank Check The black check is a check that Germany gives to Austria; reassuring them that Germany will fully support Austria, no matter what. The Blank Check is significant because Germany, basically, blindly gives their support to Austria- without considering what's happen in the future. Since William II says that, it gives Austria an even bigger ego. Later Austria and Serbia have conflicts and are very close to war; at this point Germany can't back out now because they already gave their word to Austria. 9. Archduke Francis Ferdinand He is the hair to Austrian throne.He was soon to become the king of Austria until him and his wife, Sophia, got assassinated by Gabriele P rince; who was with the Black Hand group. Archduke Francis Ferdinand is significant because this is the event that really started WWW. Because of his assassination, by Gabriele Prince, Austria is furious and automatically thinks that it was Serbians doing; even without proper evidence. It does turn out that Gabriele Prince was with a group from Serbia, so that's when WWW began. 10. The Balkan states consisted of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece; it made â€Å"The Balkan League†.The Balkan states were under Ottoman control. The conflicts between these states caused Balkan wars. The Balkan Crises is very significant because the Balkan states wanted independence from the Ottomans. So in 1878, Bulgaria was created in the Treaty of San Stefan, it was viewed as a Russian satellite. Then it got reduced and returned to Ottomans in the Congress of Berlin. In 1912, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece defeated Ottoman provinces (Albania & Macedonia) but couldn't decide how to split it, resulting in the 2nd Balkan war (1913). Then Greece, Serbia Romania and Ottomans defeated Bulgaria.Because of that, Bulgaria got a little of Macedonia- the rest was divided by Serbia & Greece. Still, Serbia was unsatisfied of the amount of land. The two Balkan wars created more tensions among the great powers. 11. Black Hand/Gabriele Prince This group was a Serbian terrorist group that wanted to create a pan-Slavic nation. It was made up of military & some government officials. Gabriele Prince was part of this group. The Black Hand is significant because Gabriele Prince was part of it. He was a big deal because Prince was responsible for the assassination of Archduke FrancisFerdinand. Since he was heir to the throne, it caused a great deal of fury in Austria. This was the major event that caused WWW. 12. Austrian Ultimatum On July 23, 1914 Austria gave Serbia a set of extreme demands if they don't want to go to war with Austria. This ultimatum is very important because when Austria gave Serbia the ultimatum, Serbia didn't agree. Serbia didn't agree because the demands were very extreme and unrealistic for a country to agree with. That resulted in Austria declaring war on Serbia on July 28. Then that started involving other countries which turned into WWW.

How to Paint Composite Materials

How to Paint Composite Materials Composite materials are mixtures of different fibers bound together by a hardening resin. Depending on the application, composite materials may or may not require painting. Painting is a good way to restore or change the color of the composite after the original finish has faded. The best methods of painting depend on the type of materials in the composite. Following are step-by-step instructions for painting some of the most common composites. You may also want to check with the manufacturers recommendations. Painting Fiber Cement Composites Use a pressure washer to clean. Wait two-four hours for the cement composite to dry.Apply a primer.Wait two hours or so for the primer to dry.Apply the paint same way you applied the primer. Wait about two hours for the paint to dry. Painting Wood Composites For exterior wood composites, use a pressure washer with a low-pressure tip to clean. Wait two hours for the composite to dry.For interior wood composites, dust with a broom.Using a roller, coat with an acrylic latex primer. Use a paintbrush for any areas you cant reach with a roller.Wait two hours or so for the primer to dry.Use satin or semi-gloss latex paint on interior wood composites. Use acrylic enamel on wood composites inside the house. Apply acrylic latex paint the same way you applied the primer. Wait four hours until dry. Painting Composite Decking Mix one part bleach with three parts water.Using rags, a roller, or a brush, apply the bleach solution liberally to all surfaces.After half an hour, scrub the surfaces.Rinse off the solution and residue.Using very fine sandpaper (220 grit) lightly sand all the surfaces.Wash off dust and dirt with a household detergent or commercial cleaner made for cleaning composite decks.Rinse thoroughly.If you are going to paint the deck, prime with an exterior latex stain-blocking primer made for plastic materials. Do not prime if you plan to stain the deck instead of painting it.For painting, use a high-quality latex floor and deck paint in a satin or semi-gloss finish. For staining, use a high-quality acrylic latex solid color deck stain recommended for composite decking. Painting Fiberglass Composites Fill holes or imperfections with fiberglass putty. Smooth out the putty with a putty knife. Let it cure completely.Sand with heavy sandpaper (100 grit) to remove excess putty or any paint. After the composite is fairly smooth, switch to 800 grit sandpaper and sand until the composite is very smooth. You can use an orbital sander or sand by hand.Use a dry rag and acetone to remove dust, grease, and debris.Apply a primer. Most primers work on fiberglass, but its a good idea to double check with the paint store on the best one to use. Wait two hours or so until the primer is dry.Spray or use a brush to apply the final coat of paint. Wait until the paint is dry.Apply another coat of paint or apply the clear coat. Always use a clear coat after the last coat of paint; it will seal the paint and help protect the paint from the elements. Final Words On Painting Composites As with any paint job, thorough preparation is the key to a good looking and long lasting paint job on composite materials. Follow recommended safety precautions on the products you use. For example, wear gloves when working with fiberglass. Wear liquid-resistant gloves using bleach. Wear eye protection when sanding, using bleach, and when working with fiberglass.

The Effect of Capital Structure on Share Prices based on the FTSE 100 Essay

The Effect of Capital Structure on Share Prices based on the FTSE 100 - Essay Example Further analysis of the literature has revealed that besides Market Value, the debt levels of the firm as well as the earnings offered to investors are other influential factors that determine the stock price. This paper aims to construct a regression model for the stock price of most FTSE 100 firms by accommodating these three parameters as variables. Further, the paper contains an elaborate statistical analysis to improve the model and remove any inconsistencies. Studies on Corporate Finance by researchers like Kevin (2006) have debated over the consequences of examining the fragmentation of the firm’s capital structure into various organizational parameters and have expressed the possibilities of analyzing their individual and collective influences on the movement of related share prices and their ultimate impact on returns to shareholders. A company’s capital structure consists of a multitude of assets in the form of equity, debt and other securities, each of which are included into the structure in proportions deemed necessary and sufficient by the firm. Studies by Modigliani and Miller (1958) conducted studies which demonstrate that in scenarios where the investment decisions are fairly stable, the market value of the firm stands invariant to its capital structure composition assuming that the financial markets are perfect in nature (i.e., markets comprising perfect competition and no friction) and provide tax-free returns. Further, Kleinbaum (2008) has shown that in cases where there is an additional component of protective debt covenants, the market value of the firm’s securities is not influenced by any changes in the capital structure. However, the value of the firm and the invariance of the security values can be vulnerable to taxation both at the firm as well as individual levels. This is also true in the case of debt covenants that are

Information mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Information mangment - Essay Example The system also works towards shifting the workload from any single local computer system, to a cloud of many other computers that are interconnected to the system, which also functions like the computer in the main organization, through a web-based service that allows the local computers to run the programs of the organization such as the e-mail as well as other complex data of the organization (Furht & Escalante, 2010 p22). Social media Social media is a form of cloud computing, since it entails the use of data and resources of a single organization by different end users, who are situated in different parts of the world, through the internet (Morley & Parker, 19). Social media qualifies as a form of cloud computing, since it allows various end users to use the software and data of a single organization, to connect with the organization and with other end users, using their local computers and other internet-connecting devices, from all over the world. Social media is a form of clo ud computing because it entails many people connected to the social network through the internet, but operating from different regions. ... f cloud computing to large organizations that cannot be obtained by the small organizations is that the large organizations and the SMEs can use the same resources, but the large organization will benefit more, since it will spread the accessibility of the similar resources to many of its stakeholders, while the SMEs have few stakeholders to share with. Thus cloud computing offers the cost redaction benefit more to the large organizations, more than to the SMEs. Challenges for SMEs vis-a-vis big organisations The challenge is similar however, since Companies with different sizes (big, medium and small companies) face similar problems when it comes to the application of social media as a form of cloud computing, since their employees are using the existing computing resources owned by the companies, to connect and communicate with their relations, at the expense of applying such organizational resources productively (Morley & Parker, 19). The difference in the challenges between the l arge organization and the SMEs is that the large organizations have the ability to acquire and use the cloud computing technology, more than the SMEs. Differentiating between the three kinds of cloud computing Cloud computing platform is the main podium through which developers write the applications that runs the cloud (Furht & Escalante, 2010 p28). The cloud computing platform is the way through which the applications on the site of an organization are supported. On the other hand, cloud computing infrastructure refers to the interconnection of the resources that are applied to make the applications and the services possible for the end users, who uses an organizations data and software. Such infrastructure is made up of components such as operation support equipments, hardware, servers

I want to you to write about democracy in the USA Essay

I want to you to write about democracy in the USA - Essay Example In addition, they want governmental framework that will safeguard liberty and ensure the rule of law prevails over the current will of the people, a circumstance which would be termed a true democracy. The system of government in the U.S. is often called a democracy which is misleading and does not represent the true ideals of the country. The aspect of a republic, one that makes the system historically significant, is that is actually in opposition of a true democracy where the will of the majority would infringe upon the rights of the minority. The American Revolution was fought for three main reasons. The elite class sought self-governance, separate from Britain, so they could control the colonies themselves in order to further their self interests. They also wanted to keep slavery and take more land from the Native Americans. Britain was leaning toward abolishing slavery and had outlawed seizing land. George Washington is a prime example of those moneyed elite. He owned hundreds of slaves and was a land speculator. The Founding Fathers’ goals were not as altruistic as many history books describe them. However, they needed the common man to fight the war so they were forced to cede some power to them in the form of democratic principles. Neither the Constitution nor Declaration of Independence contains the word democracy. In fact the Founders often spoke out against the concept. Thomas Jefferson spoke of the â€Å"tyranny of the majority.† A Massachusetts Delegate to the Continental Congress, Elbridge Gerry, cautioned against an â€Å"excesses of democracy.† Future first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who advocated a restricted monarchy, declared that the people â€Å"seldom judge or determine right.† Virginia Governor Edmund Randolph wanted a government that would â€Å"restrain the fury of democracy.† (Marriott, 2003). It was obvious to the Founders that the majority would vote for whatever it

Confucianism and Taoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Confucianism and Taoism - Essay Example The â€Å"ideal type† Confucian is a â€Å"jun-zi† or â€Å"superior man† (Dagnabitt, n.d.). One can become a jun-zi by following Li or proper moral conduct. Li means to live with reverence or propriety. One must live with social norms and maintain proper public conduct. If one lives the Li way, one is able to establish harmony within the individual, the home, the family and the country. The superior man according to Confucianism must have five virtues – sincerity, benevolence, filial piety and propriety (Kengarman, n.d.). One has to be trustworthy, honest in speech and keep commitments. The conduct should be founded in virtues and one should be virtuous in public as well as in private life. Benevolence is another characteristic of the virtuous man and one should not do to others what he would not like others to do to him. Filial piety is the greatest virtue, and should be shown towards both the living and the dead. It is the love and respect for oneâ€⠄¢s parents and ancestors. Filial piety extends beyond the physical care of the parents. It means not to be rebellious, show love, respect and support. It means to uphold fraternity among brothers, to conceal their mistakes, advise parents when necessary, display sorrow at their sickness and death and most importantly carry out sacrifices after their death. The fourth virtue or propriety encompasses the whole spectrum of human conduct. The superior man does the right thing at the right time. If one deviates from propriety it is an act of immorality. Confucianism further believes that a superior man is needed to rule and keep the social and political order. A jun-zi is also needed in the government to help rule the state. This is essential because a good government brings about a good society. They further believe that a family is the base of society and state and hence ethics and order has to be maintained. All these require a superior man or a jun-zi to ensure that social order is maintained. In

Buddhist And Christian Ethics Theology

Buddhist And Christian Ethics Theology Buddhism and Christianity are religions with comprehensive and contrasting ethical laws and customs. Throughout this essay the ethical practices of both religions will be described in detail, with an exploration of their similarities and differences presented. Description of Buddhist Ethical Practices Seven weeks after Prince Siddhartha Gautama had attained enlightenment whilst meditating under a bodhi tree, he delivered his First Sermon to his five former ascetical companions under that same tree. The contents of that initial sermon are knows as the Four Noble Truths, which are essentially the foundation of the religion. They are as follows: (Gwynne 2011, p. 93) 1. Suffering: Now this, monks, is the noble truth of suffering: Birth is suffering, ageing is suffering, sickness is suffering, death is suffering; union with what is displeasing is suffering; separation from what is pleasing is suffering; not to get what one wants is suffering; in brief, the five aggregates subject to clinging are suffering. 2. The Source of Suffering: Now this, monks, is the noble truth of the origin of suffering: It is the craving which leads to renewed existence, accompanied by delight and lust, seeking delight here and there; that is, craving for sensual pleasures, craving for existence, craving for extermination. 3. The Cessation of Suffering: Now this, monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of suffering: It is the remainder-less fading away and cessation of that same craving, the giving up and relinquishing of it, freedom from it, and non-reliance on it. 4. The Way to the Cessation of Suffering: Now this, monks, is the noble truth of the way leading to the cessation of suffering: It is this Noble Eightfold Path: that is, right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Like its parent religion Hinduism, Buddhism teaches that the ultimate goal of the lives of adherents is to break free from the wheel of reincarnation and attain nirvana. Where it differs from Hinduism is instead of stressing the importance of obligations related to caste, gender and age (varna ashrama dharma), it stresses the embodiment of the sublime truth that was rediscovered by Prince Siddhartha on his night of enlightenment, which was imparted to his early followers in his First Sermon. The essence of Buddhist dharma (as opposed to Hindu dharma) is the Four Noble Truths which, along with the Buddha himself and the community of adherents (Sangha), make up the Three Jewels of Buddhism. The last of the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, is often divided into three categories: 1. Wisdom (panna) right view and right intention 2. Meditation (samdhi) right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration 3. Virtue (sila) right speech, right action and right livelihood. This category specifically provides ethical instruction for Buddhists, insisting that adherents must refrain from abusive, deceitful or divisive words through right speech; calling buddhists to be generally righteous in their actions; and implying that certain occupations may be immoral and hence unsuitable. (Gwynne 2011, pg. 92) Buddhism lacks a clear belief in a supreme being, resulting in Buddhist morality being based upon the degree as to which thoughts and actions will advance or impede ones quest for final liberation. It is not based upon commandments issued by a transcendent God which are to be unquestionably followed by adherents, as is the case in the Abrahamic religions. Without a God to dictate what is good and evil, Buddhists refer to certain actions as skillful (kausalya) or unskillful (akausalya) rather than right or wrong. Buddhist morality is based upon considerations of individual progress on the road to liberation from the wheel of reincarnation rather than practicing the will of a divine God. The cornerstone of Buddhist ethical teaching is the Pancasila, the five precepts. They are as follows: I refrain from destroying living creatures I refrain from taking that which is not given I refrain from sexual misconduct I refrain from false speech I refrain from intoxicants which lead to carelessness. (Gwynne 2011, p. 94) These precepts provide a basic moral code for Buddhists, so integral that they are often recited on a daily basis by the laity, chanted by monks at crucial moments such as birth, marriage and death, and are a popular sermon topic. The Pancasila can be interpreted in a variety of ways. In one sense it provides a basic definition of goodness or skilfulness in Buddhist faith, reflecting the virtues of a spiritually advanced person. In another sense it is understood as the five training rules (pancasikkha) as they were sometimes referred to as by the Buddha. In this view the Pancasila can be seen as a list of practical guidelines to ethically guide the individual Buddhist toward a more liberated state of being, rather than a set of moral commandments cast down from the heavens by almighty God. The Pancasila is mostly negatively phrased, focusing on what actions should be avoided rather than encouraging virtuous actions. However, upon closer inspection one notices that with every negative, I refrain from phrase, there is a positive phrase to compel the adherent to strive for higher spiritual advancement, getting closer and closer to enlightenment. Thus the first precept is to refrain from killing living beings, not just humans but also animal and even plant life. This idea fits perfectly with the wheel of reincarnation as within the Buddhist world view one may be reincarnated as other life forms. (Gwynne 2011, pg. 95) The second precept forbids theft, stemming into the obsessive desire of material objects which leads to stealing. This positively encourages adherents to be generous in all aspects of life, not just financially but in their time and energy. The third precept discourages sexual misconduct, making it known that sexual desire is such a strong human instinct that it poses a considerable threat to ones spiritual path. It is not considered unskilful for adherents to have sexual relations, but it is known that celibacy is a higher form of spiritual existence. The fourth precept forbids any lying or form of deceit, forging a reverence for truth which is a crucial component of individual enlightenment. Finally, the fifth precept prevents the consumption of any intoxicant, instilling on adherents the importance of clarity of mind, an essential quality for Buddhists who are serious about their spirituality. (Gwynne 2011, pg. 96) Description of Christian Ethical Practices Jesus, when approached by a teacher of religious law and asked which of the commandments is most important, answered The most important commandment is this: Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is the one and only Lord. And you must love the Lord your God with all your heart, all your soul, all your mind, and all your strength. The second is equally important: Love your neighbour as yourself. No other commandment is greater than these. (Mark 12:29-31, NLT) The commandment for Jews to love the one and only God with all their being is found in Deuteronomy, with Leviticus stressing the importance of loving ones neighbour. What Jesus said was not revolutionary, he merely reinstated the ethical values that are symbolized in the Jewish Decalogue. A comparative table of the Decalogue in its various forms is provided below (Gwynne 2011, p. 102): Jewish Catholic and Lutheran Orthodox and Protestant 1. I am the Lord your God who brought you out of the house of slavery. I am the Lord your God and you shall have no other gods before me. I am the Lord your God and you shall have no other gods before me. 2. You shall have no other gods besides me. You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God. You shall not make for yourself any graven image. 3. You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God. Remember to keep holy the Lords day. You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God. 4. Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy. Honor your father and mother. Remember to keep holy the Lords day. 5. Honor your father and your mother. You shall not kill. Honor your father and mother. 6. You shall not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not kill. 7. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not commit adultery. 8. You shall not steal. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour. You shall not steal. 9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour. You shall not covet your neighbours wife. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour. 10. You shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbour. You shall not covet your neighbours goods. You shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbour. Jesus himself demystifies any misunderstandings that may occur regarding the Christian perspective of the Jewish ethical teachings in Matthew 5:17 with Dont misunderstand why I have come. I did not come to abolish the law of Moses or the writings of the prophets. No, I came to fulfil them. (NLT) Like its parent religion Judaism, the Christian mindset involves an intelligently designed world in which humans have the opportunity to live out Gods divine plan for them, to have eternal communion with him. Moral behaviour is an integral component of this divine plan, being part of the final judgement each person must face. However, as can be seen in other religions, Christianity acknowledges that all human beings have an instinctive moral code regardless of their faith or lack of faith (Gwynne 2011, pg. 101). This inner morality is mentioned by St Paul in Romans 2:14-16 When outsiders who have never heard of Gods law follow it more or less by instinct, they confirm its truth by their obedience. They show that Gods law is not something alien, imposed on us from without, but woven into the very fabric of our creation. There is something deep within them that echoes Gods yes and no, right and wrong. Their response to Gods yes and no will become public knowledge on the day God makes his final decision about every man and woman. The message from God that I proclaim through Jesus Christ takes into account all these differences. (The Message Bible) Although the existence of this instinctive moral code is confirmed throughout Christian denominations, there is debate over the extent as to which it can be distorted by human sinfulness. The Catholic church takes a rather accepting stance on the issue, acknowledging the existence of natural law within its moral teachings, while Protestant and Orthodox churches tend to be more suspicious of non-religious sources of ethics. All the denominations are however united in their belief that Christian ethical teaching are a more comprehensive guide to moral living. The Old Testament, as aforementioned, is the essential first step towards Christian moral living, whilst Jewish customs and practices such as kosher, Sabbath laws and circumstances were abandoned by the early church as they were deemed unnecessary in the development of ethical living practices within the religion. As important as the Jewish tradition is in providing a moral base for Christians, they are often deemed insufficient in the eyes of Christians. Evidenced in the writings in St Paul, the law of Moses is respected as good and holy yet somehow incomplete, lacking the motivation that drives Christian ethics. Christians believe in the importance of a new law which provides the motivation behind embodying the type of ethical practices expressed in the Decalogue, faith that Jesus is the incarnate Son of God and Saviour of humankind. (Gwynne 2011, pg. 93) The ethical practices of Christianity are unsurprisingly christocentric. Christians view Jesus as sinless and perfect, making him the ultimate model for Christian living. The Christian understanding of the next stage of pre-established Jewish ethics were unveiled through Jesus, and a standout instance of his moral instruction is contained within his Sermon on the Mount. The comprehensive sermon notably contains moral instruction on the topics of anger, adultery, divorce and, strikingly, love for ones enemies. A selection of verses particularly relevant to Christian ethical practices is presented below: You have heard that the law of Moses says, Do not murder. If you commit murder, your are subject to judgement. But I say, if you are angry with someone, you are subject to judgement! Matthew 5:21-22 (NLT) You have heard that the law of Moses says, Do not commit adultery. But I say, anyone who even looks at a woman with lust in his eye has already committed adultery with her in his heart. Matthew 5:27-28 (NLT) You have heard that the law of Moses says, A man can divorce his wife merely by giving her a letter of divorce. But I say that a man who divorces his wife, unless she has been unfaithful, causes her to commit adultery. And anyone who marries a divorced woman commits adultery. Matthew 5:31-32 (NLT) Again, you have heard that the law of Moses says, Do not break your vows; you must carry out the vows you have made to the Lord. Just say a simple, Yes, I will, or No, I wont. Your word is enough. Matthew 5:33-37 (NLT) If you are slapped on the right cheek, turn the other, too. Matthew 5:39 (NLT) You have heard that the law of Moses says, Love you neighbor and hate your enemy. But I say, love your enemies! Pray for those who persecute you! Matthew 5:43-44 (NLT) Similarities and Differences Although Buddhism and Christianity may outwardly seem very different, it may come as a surprise to some to learn that at the heart of their morality, as is the case with all the major religions, they are very similar. This is largely due to what the Catholic church refers to as natural law, the inner sense of morality which is shared throughout humanity. Perhaps the most important piece of evidence for this concept is the fact that the Golden Rule of ethics in both religions (and the other major religions) is essentially the same: (Gwynne 2011, pg. 111) Comparing yourself to others in terms such as Just as I am so are they, just as they are so am I, he should neither kill nor cause others to kill. (Sutta Pitaka) In everything, do to others as you would have them do to you; for this is the law and the prophets. (Gospel of Matthew) Although the ethical practices taught in both religions are similar, perhaps the most striking difference between the two religions in the role that God plays in their ethical practice. Christian ethics are viewed as the result of divine intervention through the prophets and the human incarnation of God himself. Obedience to the will of a omniscient, omnipresent and omnipotent divine being is undoubtedly a crucial component of Christian morality. This is a stark contrast with Buddhism as it is the only major religion which does not acknowledge the existence of a God at all. Buddhist ethics are not handed down by almighty God, they are teachings designed to guide the individual on their path towards attaining enlightenment in accordance with the eternal dharma. It is also worth noting that Buddhist teachings are generally understood to be less strict than their Christian counterparts, more like suggestions of how to live a spiritually advanced life than divine commandments. While Christianity and Buddhism differ considerably in regards to the contrasting ideas of living a single life then facing judgement versus the wheel of reincarnation (Samsara), both religions are concerned about the repercussions that an individuals morality will have on their spiritual status. Christian ethics are understood by adherents to be a set of guidelines put in place to achieve and maintain eternal communion with God in heaven (Gwynne 2011, pg. 110), and are a crucial aspect of the criteria used in their final judgement, while the aim of Buddhist ethics are to guide the Buddhist throughout their journey towards nirvana. Although the practicalities and world views of the two religions are contrastingly different, the concern for the individuals spiritual progress and future is a common theme. Perhaps the strongest similarity in the ethical laws and customs of Christianity and Buddhism is the total emphasis Jesus Christ and Sakyamuni are given. Both are infallible models for adherents to base their morality upon, and in both cases they single-handedly (along with their early followers) provide the next stage of religious ethics of their parent religions, as well as abolishing former practices that were deemed unnecessary, inadequate, or even counter-productive. Much of the New Testament is devoted to narrating the life of Jesus and the lessons to be learnt from it, and Buddhists are even able to study the previous lives of the Buddha through the Jataka Tales in addition to the close study of his final incarnation before reaching nirvana. In conclusion, through the exploration of the two contrasting religions, Christianity and Buddhism, an immense ray of apparent similarities appear among what one would expect from a clash of western and eastern philosophies. One can argue that their differences can be set aside to make way for the common ethical laws and customs they both share, with their pivotal figures, Jesus Christ and The Buddha, providing examples of morality which are very similar in nature. The end result of this is Christians and Buddhists leading ethical lives which both have their own merits and most importantly a common love for humanity.